For SpaceX CFO Bret Johnsen, the challenge starts after the $75 billion IPO 

Good morning. Elon Musk is the face of SpaceX but behind the scenes, Bret Johnsen has spent more than a decade turning Musk’s ambitions into a financial story investors can underwrite.

Johnsen joined as CFO in 2011 after senior finance roles at Mindspeed Technologies and Broadcom. “I tell people it’s hard to be a space company and not have assured access to space,” he said in a recent interview with investor Gavin Baker, explaining why SpaceX initially focused on “making sure that we had launch nailed down” while Musk worked reduce the cost of reaching orbit. “We’re now the lowest cost per kilogram to space in the industry, and we’re looking for Starship to deliver another 10x improvement as we achieve rapid reusability,” he said.

On the communications side, Starlink has become the company’s other major growth engine, reaching more than 10 million customers across more than 160 countries with a constellation of more than 10,000 satellites, Johnsen said.

SpaceX announced an IPO price of $135 per share and, on Thursday, confirmed the pricing of 555.6 million shares of Class A common stock at that price. This values the company at approximately $1.77 trillion, or roughly $1.8 trillion on a fully diluted basis. The offering is expected to raise approximately $75 billion in gross proceeds before underwriting discounts and expenses. SpaceX also granted the underwriters a 30-day option to purchase up to 83.3 million additional shares at the IPO price.

“I think the IPO will be judged as successful within the next few days or weeks, and is just a milestone in the company transitioning some of its shares into public hands,” Morningstar equity analyst Nicolas Owens told me.

But as Columbia Business School professor Shivaram Rajgopal notes, Johnsen’s task goes beyond the usual pre-IPO cleanup of controls and unit economics.

“Most IPO CFOs have to clean up the accounting, tighten controls, and sell the story of the firm,” he told me. Johnsen, by contrast, must translate Musk’s vision into disclosures that persuade investors to buy “a piece of a controlled company with virtually no governance rights at an astronomical valuation.”

The company is essentially “a Musk conglomerate”—part satellite telecom provider, part defense contractor, part AI company, and part Mars colonization project, Rajgopal said.

“He can do all of this because Musk has a massive retail investor following and the institutions getting in now are hoping to make a buck riding the momentum before the cold reality of fundamentals catches up in a year or two,” he added.

That leaves Johnsen with a demanding to-do list once SpaceX lists, which is expected today. “Profitability is still a ways off,” Rajgopal said. The CFO will be judged on whether he can provide segment-level transparency, sustain growth while demonstrating economies of scale, and prove that this “clunky conglomerate” structure creates value, he said. Investors will also be watching for meaningful independent governance and whether the risks tied to Musk’s dominance can be managed, he added.

If Johnsen can marry the bold promises in his narrative—assured access to space, 10x cost improvements, and global demand for Starlink—with disciplined disclosure, capital allocation, and risk management, he will have done more than take SpaceX public. He will have defined a new playbook for CFOs stewarding founder-controlled, multi-business giants into the public markets.

Have a good weekend.

Sheryl Estrada
[email protected]

This story was originally featured on Fortune.com